Cyberspace in William Gibsons Neuromancer :: essays research papers

The internet in William Gibson's Neuromancer As portrayed by William Gibson in his sci-fi novel Neuromancer, the internet was a "Consensual pipedream that felt and resembled a physical space however actuallly was a PC created build speaking to extract data." Years after the fact, humanity has understood that Gibson's vision is near reality. The term the internet was regularly used to clarify or portray the process in which two PCs associate with one another through different phone lines. In this correspondence between the two frameworks there is by all accounts no separation between them. There are presently four catagories that portray the significant parts of todays the internet. One oof those is business on-line administrations. These enormous PC frameworks can have a great many clients at the same time. At the point when a PC client buys a record from the organization they recieve a screen name and a secret phrase. The client at that point can utilize their screen name and secret key to sign on and utilize the framework. The greater part of the online frameworks have talk rooms where clients can visit in genuine time with each other. a few clients even consider on-line administrations as a network. The second catagory includes Bulletin Boards or (BBS's). These administrations permit the client accounts like their bigger on-line administration cousins. These BBS's have less clients since they run on littler PCs. The framework administrators, all the more normally known as sysops, are running the sheets. Since most BBS's are pastimes there is typically no charge for a record. Equivalent to on-line administrations, clients utilize BBS's for exchanges, games, and to visit among different clients. Since release boeard are so natural to set up there are a large number of them situated around the world. Each board has a subject. These topics go from space science to supremacist neo-nazi poo. A sheets topic helps clients as they continued looking for a board that will fulfill their own inclination. A third catagory is the Private System. These private frameworks at some point run notice sheets secretly, not letting the open acess. In these private frameworks clients can perform particular PC activities, or access to information. Through this private system clients inside an organization can send letters, faxes, and different messages to one another through the organizations PC arrange. On the off chance that a specialist was to look into a clients data he could get to it through the organizations private system. People in general can not gain admittance to the organizations private framework except if the person in question knows the frameworks secret phrase. The fourth and last catagory is PC systems. These assortments are a gathering of associated PCs that trade data. One of the most well known is the web. The web is the purported "network of systems.

Ritalin is not a wonder drug Essays - Methylphenidate,

Ritalin isn't a marvel medicate Include? Ritalin isn't a marvel tranquilize! Do you have a kid that experiences ADD or ADHD? Do you believe that endorsing your kid Ritalin will make everything work out? On the off chance that the appropriate response is indeed, you are unfortunately, woefully mixed up. Truly, clinical medicines can answer issues made by a neurological compound lopsidedness that is available in youngsters with ADD/ADHD. In any case, the practices that they show are additionally to a great extent associated with the connections that they have begun encountering between their folks and themselves, and the sorts of consideration they are earning. Hila Adany asks: If it's not too much trouble recognize the social part of ADD/ADHD also. We had a go at everything: in the end, we took our child for testing, and the last conclusion was that our child is experiencing ADD. So we began him taking drugs, however adjacent to for his educator's reports that there is a slight improvement in his presentation at school, at home we have seen no change by any stretch of the imagination. These were the main words I got notification from Neta and Dvir, an awesome couple. Adoring guardians, who are participating in the fight against their child's ADD, and feel that they are losing. His conduct is insufferable. The upheavals, the consistent refusals... We don't have the foggiest idea what to do. Shockingly, they are not by any means the only guardians to encounter this issue. Try not to Despair At the point when a kid is determined to have ADD/ADHD, and the confusion makes it hard for you, and others, to adapt to his/her negative conduct, it is basic that the kid gets social treatment alongside clinical treatment. Regularly, the medicine remedies the compound unevenness that is influencing the kid - that is, it answers the neurological issue - however doesn't 'fix' the day by day associations between a parent and kid. Obviously, all things considered, the youngster's troublesome conduct started with this substance lopsidedness. However, it is reinforced and supported through regular connections, after some time. For instance: If guardians react with yielding to, or bartering with a youngster who is as a rule colossally uncooperative, the kid isn't probably going to change. Or maybe, this basically serves to strengthen his/her opposite conduct. This is because of the way that the kid starts to subliminally comprehend that that being obstinate, unstable or impolite, frequently brings about getting his/her own specific manner. Further, reacting to negative conduct with persuading, clarifications as well as bargaining, may get guardians some momentary harmony and calm, however over the long haul, it doesn't diminish social challenges. In actuality, things as a rule begin to decay more. On the off chance that the circumstance is in fact exacerbating, this means the youngster is fairly 'appreciating' the consideration - and in this manner has no compelling reason to change any practices. (Furthermore, indeed, denounces establish consideration. Negative consideration is still consideration.) No Miracle Cures This is the place conduct treatment comes in. This type of treatment evaluates the capacity, or force, of unfriendly conduct during the day by day correspondence between a parent and kid. In less difficult terms, it surveys 'what makes my youngster act the way he/she is carrying on, and what is he/she picking up by acting along these lines?'. When the purposes for the kid's conduct have been exposed, it is conceivable to alter the subtleties of social treatment to suit the particular issues that every family is managing. As to ADD/ADHD, conduct treatment takes a gander at the whole day all in all, just as all the individual every day events inside the nuclear family. This is a fundamental part of this treatment since human conduct can not be precisely evaluated through dissecting separate occurrences that happen during a day. Or maybe, it is just through those examples all in all that a real picture can develop. That is, every cooperation that happens influences the one after it, and every ensuing connection. After the 'social procedure's that we encountered together, Neta and Dvir comprehend that Ritalin isn't a panacea that will cure all conduct emergencies. So as to enable a youngster to battle the indications of ADD/ADHD, a key change needs to happen inside guardians, just as in their strategies for child rearing. In spite of the fact that these progressions require enormous exertion, the amazing outcomes they yield are certainly justified regardless of the exertion. Child rearing in the manner that your kid needs you to at last helps the family, all in all, embrace an increasingly charming, unwinding

Imagination in Heroics of Odysseus and Don Quixote Essay Example

Creative mind in Heroics of Odysseus and Don Quixote Paper The most regarded and revered social gathering in antiquated occasions and medieval times were that of the courageous warriors, knights, and rulers. The perspective on what it is to be a saint is winning honor through battle and in a serious circumstance. A legend would be somebody who has incredible battling expertise and would even set out to hazard demise to have respect. The saints were the individuals who might lead their armed forces or individual knights into fight and won honors for their mental fortitude showed on the combat zone. Then again, the apprehensive were exposed to solid partiality. Their reality was viewed as a weight on the earth and they were overlooked and scorned by everybody. This honorable trademark is apparent in the Odyssey by Homer and Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes. Both the creators draw various attributes of being a saint in various manners. In the Odyssey, insignificant battling ability doesn't really imply that Odysseus was the legend. Or maybe, we see a man who is adroit and clever. In spite of the fact that he is a splendid contender, he additionally shows limitation and leniency. Then again, Don Quixote was not a conceived saint like Odysseus. We will compose a custom article test on Imagination in Heroics of Odysseus and Don Quixote explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Imagination in Heroics of Odysseus and Don Quixote explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Imagination in Heroics of Odysseus and Don Quixote explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer He is misdirected by chivalric thoughts of courage and valor and embarks to change the world alongside his reasonable partner Sancho Panza. Both the legends are from two totally different occasions of the world yet them two attempted to vanquish the world with their gallant demonstrations. Its not simply their chivalrous demonstrations that set them as two of the most famous legends ever; its additionally their creative mind or capacity to invoke things that makes them stick out. Yet, in correlation, creative mind is the key which makes Don Quixote as the legend where creative mind just adds a measurement to Odysseus character that rules him alongside different qualities. Legends are prestigious for their plenitude of characteristics that empower them to overcome any issue. Odysseus, from The Odyssey, is the same. He speaks to the chivalrous beliefs of Ancient Greece, and is adored for his steadiness, insight, and authority capacities. Greek legends were the individuals who spared individuals; they were valiant shrewd and had battling soul. Be that as it may, aside from all, all the Greek saints used to be supported by the heavenly divine beings. Odysseus holds practically all the courageous characteristics. Yet, he was not constantly preferred by the great divine beings in his decade long journey as expressed by The Study Club (1922)- As a legend, Odysseus, it is valid, positions far underneath Achilles, however he is an a lot more prominent figure one who can suffer without despair, even the disgrace of the divine beings and can by quality of will and the direction of reason in the end triumph against extraordinary chances (p. 115). All in all, in the event that it was not the assistance of the divine beings or whenever was not just his quality and force, what was it that causes him to endure such a long excursion? It was his mind, it was his nonexistent that spared in many event. It not just spared him, it likewise recognizes him from numerous other Greek legends who are associated with their muscles, not for their minds. Odysseus takeoff from Troy is the start of his long chivalrous experience. What of those long periods of unpleasant experience, endured under Zeus? (Book 1)- This statement portrays not just the unpleasant occasions Odysseus will have on his excursion, yet in addition uncovers that Zeus will look out for him. Odysseus will cross the limit and go to places from where nobody has returned previously. On the island of the Cyclops Odysseus shows his capacities, as he built up an arrangement to get away from the Cyclops cavern. Odysseus has this arrangement and uses it. He and the greater part of his men get away from the cavern safe. This represented the getaway from the tummy of the whale (Anthony, 1972). All through his excursion, Odysseus gets some assistance from extraordinary forces, which help him to satisfy the chivalrous journey. Aeolus, the divine force of winds Presents Odysseus with a sack, loaded up with all the awful breezes. In spite of the fact that this was an incredible assistance to Odysseus, it didn't keep going long. Odysseus additionally had help from different divine beings and goddesses. In any case, it was his own expertise that helped Odysseus to pass the snags in a steady progression. He turns into the first to ever pass the island of the alarms safe. He doesn't divert with the stunning alluring tunes of the alarms. The men filled their ears with wax and just Odysseus, who was attached to the pole, had the option to hear the enticing tunes. As they passed the island, Odysseus shouted to be free, however the men would not free him. It was an allurement that Odysseus holds within proper limits through premonition and creative mind. Essentially, when Odysseus and his groups are caught in the pen of Cyclops, he again utilizes his knowledge. He understands that he can't crush the one-peered toward beast with his blade and muscle. Or maybe, he picked to hang tight for the ideal second and outmaneuver Cyclops. When asked his name, Odysseus revealed to Polyphemus that his name is Nobody. Odysseus takes care of the Cyclops some wine, which made him nod off. At that point Odysseus and his group took an enormous consuming timber and blinded the Cyclops. In the wake of hearing his cries, Polyphemuss neighbors, other one-looked at beasts come hurrying to the cavern. Polyphemus shouted to his neighbors through the stone entryway, Nobody is murdering me! No one has blinded me! (Book IX) The neighbors excused his cries and come back to their own caverns. Here, from the start when Odyssey camouflages himself as Nobody, it appears there I no genuine hugeness in this. Yet, at long last it comes out as the stunt that makes Polyphemus abandoned and disengaged when different Cyclops imagines that he is simply excessively flushed and went crazy. Comparable treatment is gotten by Circe, the sorceress, as Odysseus realized that she is unreasonably solid for him and on the off chance that he doesn't counter her with his insight, he will transform into pigs alongside his groups. Along these lines, he again hangs tight for the perfect second and when it is there, he puts his blade on her throat and advances out. Again when he comes back to Ithaca, he doesn't simply return to home. He is especially mindful that things are not equivalent to he left them. There are admirers around here and a large number of them are prepared to slaughter him and toss him out of his honored position. Rather, Odysseus masked himself as a poor person and begins to increase solid partners. At last, when Penelope orchestrates the challenge, suspecting the homeless person is none however his tragically deceased spouse; Odysseus again demonstrates he is better than the admirers and executes every one of them individually. Also, it doesn't end here since he understood he and his family is as yet not out of peril as the mates of the dead admirers will search for retribution lastly he triumphs over them too. In some other story of epic, the saint would experience not taken this difficulty of find the stowaway play. They would have rather come directly to go up against their rivals and beat them after a furious fight and triumph. It is the mind, knowledge and the vision that recognize him from numerous other epic legends. Rather than Odysseus, Don Quixote isn't simply one more epic legend. He is anything but an energetic and solid knight or warrior who goes to a fight, battle wildly and overcomes them in the end. He is somewhat a man who has passed the prime of youth and now living in his medieval times. He has never gone to any fight or knight-errant, neither does he has any related knowledge to battle. In Don Quixotes time, perusing was the main diversion in the home. A great many people werent very accomplished at any rate so some couldn't differentiate among imagine and reality. That is likely why individuals who read the book of scriptures took it so actually. The pastors were progressively instructed and realized how to exploit the individuals. Individuals were so terrified of what it needed to state; they did whatever it said so they would progress admirably (Madariaga, 1928). Wear Quixote did likewise as those strict individuals. He accepts precisely what he read. Lamentably for him, those books were obsolete; there were no knights in defensive layer any longer. He persuaded a less taught man to accompany him on his movements. His assistant isn't as instructed however he has great presence of mind. Along these lines, Don Quixote is really the account of how a conventional man turns into a legend even with his senseless and absurd deeds. In medieval occasions, knights meandered the wide open of Europe, protecting individuals and vanquishing underhanded rulers and magicians. This may sound ludicrous to numerous individuals in this time, however consider the possibility that an individual read such a large number of books about these purported knight-errants that he was unable to decide the genuine from that which was perused. Such is the situation in The Adventures of Don Quixote which happens at some point in the fifteenth and mid sixteenth hundreds of years. Wear Quixote isn't generally a wear by any means. He is an affluent, keen rancher who read an excessive number of books about knight-errantry and goes insane. He persuaded a stupid worker named Sancho to turn into his assistant, promising him riches and a high spot in the public eye. Together they go for some undertakings, both are persuaded that they are doing daring and noteworthy demonstrations of valor, when they are just two simpletons going around the open country. Intriguing part about Don Quixote is that his whole experience depends on his creative mind. He lives in his own perfect world where he sees everything from an incredible knights point of view, however the knights are a distant memory. He envisions himself as one of the extraordinary knights and promises to take the crucial salvage humanity. In his one of his experiences, he goes over a man named Juan Haldudo lashing his shepherd kid and thinks Haldudo is an abhorrent knight. He challenges the rancher and causes him to depend on the code of gallantry that he will pay all t

Reaction Kinetics and Chemical Equilibria - 550 Words

Chemistry: Reaction Kinetics and Chemical Equilibria (Essay Sample) Content: Reaction Kinetics and Chemical EquilibriaName:Institution:Course:Date:Reaction Kinetics and Chemical EquilibriaQuestions * (i) Chemical reactions that take place involving liquids and gases can vary in the rate of reaction depending on the concentration of the reactants. Thus, reactants with a high concentration tend to increase the rate of chemical reaction while the reactants with a low concentration of particles have a little effect on the reaction.The reaction of two particles whether the same or different, will take place because of the collision of the particles in the reaction. This is the case with reactants in a solution; when the concentration of the reactants is increased, the presence of particles increases in the solution and thus, causes more reaction, which is the rate of chemical reaction (Kortz et al. 2009). \this means that the rate of chemical reaction increases with addition of the reactants concentration into a solutionAnother factor that affects the rate of chemical reaction is the activation energy of the reactant's particles. Activation energy is the ability of particles to react in a solution. This means that if the activation energy of a particular reactant in a solution is high, then it is possible that the rate of reaction will increase even with a little addition of that reactant into the solution (Kortz et al. 2009).In the case where a chemical reaction involves a catalyst, increasing the concentration of the reactant will not change the rate of reaction. This is because the catalyst is already working at its maximum best rate for the solution's reaction.(ii) The surface area of a solid reactant will increase the rate of reaction in a solution since the reaction is based on collision of particles. This means that if the surface area of the solid reactant is large, then the rate of reaction will increase because of the exposure of the large particles to the liquid solution.b.These are simplified diagrams of Maxwell-B oltzman diagram that show the activation energy of particles at different levels of temperature.According to the diagram, the left hand-side is the area representing the particles that do not have enough activation energy for reaction, whereas the right hand-side in green represents the area with the high activation energy for reaction. The increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction in a solution because the kinetic energy of the particles will increase. Kinetic energy of particles tend to increase with an increase in temperature. This is because the movement of the particles in the solution will be higher, implying that the collision of the reactants' particles will be taking place faster than in the former temperature. Conversely, when the temperature lowers, the kinetic energy of the particular reduces causing a slow movement. The slow movement will decrease the rate of particle collisions and consequently decrease the rate of chemical reaction in the solution (Ko rtz et al. 2009).These two subsequent diagram are deduced from the one at the top and they show the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reaction. In this case, (T+t) is the summation of the activation energy and the increase of the energy occassioned by the change in temperature. This shows that (T+t) can surpass the activation energy of the reactants' particles in case of an increase in temperature (Kortz et al. 2009).c. (i) The order of each reactant is determined by the increase of the concentration of the reactant in the reaction. For CH3COCH3 , it is first order given by (0.02-0.01= 0.01), for I2 it is second also given by (0.02-0.01= 0.01) and H+ is third order given by (0.20-0.10=0.1) The orders for the reactants are the same since the change in concentrations is directly proportionate to each other.The rate of reaction is given by the formula...

Wuthering Heights Heathcliff Personality Essay - 628 Words

Heathcliff’s Personality Heathcliff is one of the main characters in the renowned novel, Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte. Heathcliff is such a memorable character due to his unique personality and how he approaches and engages conflicts in his life. Whether Heathcliff’s actions spark sympathy or lead to disappointment with his conduct, some characteristics of his personality do seem to stand out throughout the novel. Traits such as his unwillingness to forgive those for events in the past, his selfish nature, or even the deep emotion that emerges through this seemingly dark figure. In the novel Heathcliff is betrayed by those around him. He is forced to do servant duties by Hindley, who he lives with for many years. As if this is†¦show more content†¦This trait is reflected well when Heathcliff exclaims, â€Å"Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest so long as I live on.† This quote shows that he could care less if Catherine is able to rest. Instead Heathcliff wants to assure that Ca therine will not be freed from her internal conflict before Heathcliff is able to put to rest his own emotional battles. Although many of the traits that Heathcliff is guilty of possessing are on the negative side, he does show great love and emotion in some portions of the novel. This is the side of Heathcliff’s personality that can really make one feel sympathy for him, as it seems that his deep love probably contributes to his negative side. Heathcliff so desperately wants Catherine to return to him that he can hardly live through a day without his emotional tornado wrecking his relations with others. Heathcliff really shows that he wants nothing more than Catherine’s love when he confesses to her his feelings even while she is married. â€Å"If he loved you with all the power of his soul for a whole lifetime he couldn’t love you as much as I do in a single day.† The fact that Heathcliff is completely unable to move on and get over his feelings for Cat herine really display his emotional nature. Heathcliff is one of those characters that will only be fully understood by the person who created the character. For everyone else there will always be room for discussion and disagreements concerning theShow MoreRelatedWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte947 Words   |  4 PagesBronte, Wuthering Heights follows the life of Heathcliff, the family that raised him and those who impacted his life. It is a novel that goes from present day to past events to explain why Heathcliff is the way he is and how the story has formed throughout his life and the lives of those around him. 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The Biblical Figure Of Job And Greek Hero Achilles

The biblical figure of Job and Greek hero Achilles both see various ups and downs in their lives and those experiences made them realize that the world they lived in was not meant to be sought after. They both gave sacrifices, yet kept devoted to their faiths. Job s trials were not just casual, so-called blows of fate, but had an immense and profound meaning. Job experienced severe tests in which every time he manifested brilliantly; firmly clinging to the Lord. He became to the realization that the world offers nothing but injustice and misery. Job was ruined at the end of a day. Because of theft, natural disasters and consequences of wars, Job became poor. The period of great prosperity had happened. As the third messenger reported the terrible news Job, came as the final blow to the report of the fourth messenger, who announced the sudden death of his ten children as a result of a catastrophe of nature. Job did not understand it either lost a child, and not two, but ten all together: seven sons and three daughters. The whole family happy was suddenly destroyed. A test of unimaginable dimension! When the coffins were lowered into the freshly dug grave Job fell to the ground, worshiped him and said, The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; is the name of the Lord (vv. 20, 21). The hell with Satan in front saw with astonishment and fear, how this servant of the Lord was unswervingly clung to his Lord when collapsed all his earthly existence. This is a victory in the

Horizontal Health Equity Refers To the Balance in the Provision

Question: Horizontal Health Equity Refers To the Balance in How the Provision? Answer: Introducation: HIV refers to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and it can lead to disease known as AIDS (Acquired Human Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). It attacks the immune system of the body and is very difficult to get rid of it in a complete manner .It has been reported that 1000 Australian people are diagnosed with HIV every year and people are diagnosed at a later stage ,after the virus has caused illness in them. Australia is able to eliminate AIDS but not HIV infection among the individuals. It is estimated that Australia will be able to become HIV free by the year 2020. It has also been reported that there is a growth of around 13 % in the patients infected by HIV every year in the country. It was also reported in 2015 that there was 25,313 individuals affected with HIV in Australia(Dodson, Batterham, McDonald, Osborne, 2016). Researchers have planned various healthcare strategies to stop HIV from infecting individuals especially key populations which involves men who have sex with men, peopl e living in prisons and other closed settings, people who inject drugs in themselves, sex workers and transgender people. They should be provided with proper prevention and treatment facilities to prevent HIV from infecting them, as it is their basic right. Social determinants of health , primary health care, and health well being of populations and communities at risk of exposure to HIV are directly interlinked to one another. Social determinants of HIV include social discrimination of the infected individuals,gender biasness ,low socioeconomic status and experiences in childhood such as sexual abuse or children who have faced emotional issues are seen to have infected with HIV during adulthood. Primary health care for HIV includes lack of information regarding safe sex due to low socioeconomic status and financial crisis, lack of proper counseling and treatment especially to women due to gendr biasness (Coleman, Tate, Gaddist, White, 2016).It is important to provide to medical fa cilities to individuals infected with HIV without any discrimination to lower down the rate of HIV patients on a global level. This essay includes prevalence of HIV among key populations, health equity, disproportionate risks, guideline and the strategies including preventive healthcare interventions and community interventions to overcome HIV in such populations. Equity in primary health care refers to the various reasons that result in different qualities of healthcare in different populations residing in regions. This differentiation is done on the basis of caste, creed, sex, and financial status of the populations. It involves a lack of proper medical facilities such as lack of medicines to the people and is completely injustice to them. Health inequity leads to decrease in life expectancy of the individuals and increase in mortality rate(Thomas Humphreys, 2015)) Lack of proper healthcare facilities leads to depression, anger, sadness and low self-esteem in individuals. Health equity is of two types, horizontal health equity and vertical health equity. Horizontal health equity refers to the balance in the provision of medical treatment facilities under the same conditions to people who are single, or in groups. Vertical equity is based on the fact that people who have differences on the basis of caste, religion, sex should be provided different healthcare facilities according to their requirement. Health equity is important in primary health care because every individual has the right to avail proper medical facilities irrespective of their differences like caste and financial status. This will help them in improving their health condition and keep them contented(Leeuw, 2015). A large proportion of women also lag behind as compared to men to avail primary health care. The main reason behind this is that women lack economic and social power. Declaration of Alma Ata of 1978 played an important role in providing primary health care to all the individuals in the twentieth century. According to this declaration, primary health care plays an important role in attaining the objective of the proper health care facilities for all the individuals. There is a major difference in the provision of medical facilities among the developing and the developed countries and this is not acceptable as it is the basic right of every individual to avail proper medical facilities. There should be a proper methodology and various strategies should be followed to reduce this gap. Various scientific and technological methods should be developed that can be accessed by the patients and their family members living in rural areas at a reasonable cost(Brown Stepanova, 2016). The objective of primary health care for all the individuals was accepted by all the countries who are members of World Health Organization (WHO) after this declaration was made . Initially, it was accepted by the developing countries and by other country after five years. There are various disproportionate risks involved in HIV for key populations because they have least access to prevention and care and very few treatment methods for the treatment of HIV. In the year 2015, it was reported that there were around 45% of new HIV infections including these key populations like men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, transgender people, people who live in prisons and confined areas and sex workers. Labeling these key populations, discrimination and criminalization are the main reasons they do not get proper treatment facilities. Government is planning various measures and strategies to reduce the percentage of this deadly disease in key population to 75 % by the year 2020(World Health Organization., 2014). There are various guidelines on the prevention of HIV by the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce the infections caused by this disease in various countries. It involves increase in the provision of testing of HIV, proper care treatment facilities to specific populations like sex workers, transgenders, men who have sex with men, people who live in prison and people who inject drugs to themselves(World Health Organisation , 2015). These groups are not provided proper medical treatment facilities to prevent HIV and have to face various laws and policies that are biased as compared to the normal population. According to WHO, men who have sex with men should take antiretroviral medicines to prevent HIV infection which is also known as pre-exposure prophylaxis(Worl Health Organisation, 2016). This can reduce the HIV infections up to 25% on a global level. People who live in prisons or closed areas should be provided proper nutrition and hygienic environment to prevent HIV infection. They should be given proper medical and dental checkups and should be provided proper protection from various hazards. People who inject drugs in their body should be given clean syringes and needles at low cost to prevent the infection. They should be given proper counseling and medical testing facilities for HIV. They should also be provided antiretroviral therapy to prevent themselves from HIV. Adolescents should be given HIV Vaccination to prevent the HIV disease from infecting them. Pre- Exposure Prophylaxis should be made available to these key populations as they have a high risk of getting HIV infection, which involves intake a pill daily(World Health Organisation , 2015). These key populations should be given proper access to treatment, prevention and care. Various healthcare programs should be organized to deal with their health issues to achieve health equity for patients suffering from HIV. It is the human right of every AIDS patient to receive proper counseling about the preventive measures and the treatment tests(Diagnosing HIV, 2015).Equity and Rights should be balanced for all the patients affected by HIV. Proper policies, and laws are required to protect the individual rights of such patients. According to the case study as nonprofit organization developed an HIV model of community nursing care in 1986 and there was not any other model of nursing ,various nursing interventions in Australia involve working with various healthcare providers to make sure that the patients suffering from HIV receive proper care .It also involves monitoring of various sign of infections in the patients because of HIV and encourage them to have a proper balanced diet to increase the nutritional content. They should provide soft cushions to the patients to prevent the discomfort. They should also keep in check whether the stool of the patient suffering from HIV is consistent or not and should keep in check if the patient is suffering from abdominal cramps or pain(Bennett, Bertagnolio, Gilks, 2008). They should be cooperative and sympathetic towards the HIV patients. They should also provide patient centered care and have proper communication with the patients. Nurses and various healthcare profe ssionals should help the patients in their daily activities and allow their family members to speak in a simple language to them. Preventive health care interventions for HIV include proper use of condoms by these key populations to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV up to 94 %. They should also be counseled to use silicone or water based lubricants that would prevent the condoms from slipping and getting broken. Individuals who inject drugs in themselves, condom programming should be made essential to them and lubricant distribution programs should be introduced and closed settings to prevent the harmful effects of HIV(Group, 2003). Community interventions play an important role improving their health condition in the key populations and various other patients include proper counseling of patient affected by HIV and providing them psychosocial support to boost their confidence and improve their self-esteem. They and their family members should be given proper information about the disease, its symptoms, treatment plan and preventive measures to avoid any confusion and to tackle the disease(Weiler, 2013). For example, sex workers have a little information about the risk factors associated and they should not be discriminated from others in the provision of better healthcare services as they are more prone to this disease. Adolescents should be trained about the practice of having safe sex by the use of condoms and lubricants by organizing sexuality training programs in schools and colleges. People who inject drugs in their body should be provided training on the safe use of injections to avoid future complications(Figueroa, Johnson, Baggaley, 2015). Community interventions play an important role in guiding these key populations and providing effective services to deal with deadly diseases like HIV. It also helps in developing various strategies to provide better healthcare facilities to such patients. These strategies include providing education about the disease, application of various service and literacy programs and other programmes and policies for the betterment of healthcare services. It can be concluded that HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is an incurable disease, which leads to AIDS. It spreads through the body fluids present in our body and should be treated to prevent the virus from infecting further. It can be prevented by having safe sex or abstinence. Safe sex refers to the use condoms especially latex condoms and key populations should visit the healthcare professional for regular examination and to make sure that he or she has contracted the disease. They should follow proper treatment methods and take various preventive measures to avoid the infection from HIV. Patients should use sterilized needles should not use shared needles with each other for the incorporation of the drug in the body(Piot, Bartos, Ghys, Schwartlnder, 2001). People who belong to key populations such as men who have sex with men, people living in prisons and other closed settings, people who inject drugs in themselves, sex workers and transgender people should keep a check on the ir health to keep themselves safe from this lethal disease. They should be provided with proper counseling, guidance and information about the prevention and treatment facilities to prevent HIV from infecting them. It is the basic individual right of every human being to receive proper healthcare facilities irrespective of caste, creed religion and social status. References Bennett, Bertagnolio, Gilks, S. . (2008). The World Health Organization's global strategy for prevention and assessment of HIV drug resistance. Antiviral therapy, 13, 1. Brown, Stepanova, F. . (2016). Halfdan Mahler: architect and defender of the world health organization health for all by 2000 declaration of 1978. . American journal of public health, , 106(1), 38-39. Coleman, Tate, Gaddist, White, . (2016). Social Determinants of HIV-Related Stigma in Faith-Based Organizations. American journal of public health, , 106(3), 492-496. Diagnosing HIV. (2015). Retrieved from WHATS NEW IN INFANT DIAGNOSIS. Dodson, Batterham, McDonald, Osborne, E. . (2016). systematic analysis of the needs of people with HIV in Australia: stakeholder views of the key elements for a healthy life. Sexual Health, , 13(5), 444-450. Figueroa, Johnson, Baggaley, V. . (2015). Attitudes and acceptability on HIV self-testing among key populations: a literature review. r, . AIDS and Behavior , 19(11), 1949-1965. Group. (2003). Preliminary development of the World Health Organsiation's Quality of Life HIV instrument (WHOQOL-HIV): analysis of the pilot version. ,. Social Science Medicine , 57(7), 1259-1275. Leeuw, C. C. (2015). Towards health equity: a framework for the application of proportionate universalism. ,. International journal for equity in health , 14(1), 81. Piot, Bartos, Ghys, Schwartlnder, W. . (2001). The global impact of HIV/AIDS. , . Nature , 410(6831), 968-973. Thomas, Humphreys, W. . (2015)). Ensuring equity of access to primary health care in rural and remote Australia-what core services should be locally available? International journal for equity in health, , 14(1), 111. Weiler. (2013). Global update on HIV treatment: results, impact and opportunities. Worl Health Organisation. (2016). Retrieved from Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach. World Health Organisation . (2015). Retrieved from Consolidated strategic information guidelines for HIV in the health sector. World Health Organisation . (2015). Retrieved from Fact sheet: HIV treatment and care: what's new in HIV treatment. World Health Organization. (2014). Retrieved from Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations

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